Saturday, April 16, 2011

Quadriderm Cf, Used For



THE CLASS STRUGGLE is hidden by the government and religion. Arturo Almazán Cantoral. All the third century in Rome was characterized by constant persecution, which highlights the Diocletian in 303 to 313, who ordered to burn churches and sacred books, and Christian pro razing entire cities and forced many Christians to make sacrifices pagans. However, the number of Christians had increased to approximately 7 million on his death Diocletian issued an edict of toleration which was lawful Christian religion with some restrictions; with this, the Emperor recognized his own defeat. Later, the pagan Emperor Constantine, gradually began to believe in Christian doctrine or perhaps did believe that because he realized inability to overcome to Christianity, so in 313 issued the Edict of Milan, which established freedom of worship and religion, and authorizing the refund of the confiscated property to Christians. Before his death in 337 was baptized and transfer the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium, which would be called Constantinople in his honor [1] . The following emperors except Julian would be Christian, and Theodosius, who ruled from 378 to 395 would be made Christianity the only legal and official religion of the Empire. So Christianity would have an occasional victory, as the Roman authorities only mask or change their appearance, moving their old religious institutions of Christianity, so did the Catholic Church in Rome and the Orthodox in Constantinople, the ancient Roman priests became the religious authorities and intermediaries of God, leaving the Christian populace into oblivion. In fact the values \u200b\u200bthat Christ had spread were also distorted and forgotten, values \u200b\u200bsuch as love of neighbor, decent and honest, solidarity, humility, respect and the pursuit of peace, but instead reproduced defects decadent Roman Empire and the Church, such as inequality, injustice, individualism, violence and authoritarianism. In terms of class inequality, this is noted in the extravagance of life from the bishops and priests, and the magnificence of the churches, this contrasted with the poverty that engulfed the rest of society not descended from a noble lineage. This was an irony, Christianity had become the basis of Catholicism, an institution rather than a religion, but an institution that went against the principles that Christ had established, especially against the humility and poverty, as upper echelons of the clergy were the least represented. In the V century the Old Roman Empire had been broken into two parts, an eastern and a western, but now the two churches (the Roman and Orthodox) that were discussed were the hegemony and not only territorial, but spiritual, it was like a race to acquire as many followers to be recognized as the most authoritative official churches divine and the other bishops. The Catholic Church never recognized the authority of the Orthodox Church and vice versa, in fact over time there was some friction between them, which caused an irreconcilable conflict. But would the Western Empire which succumb to invasions of Germanic tribes, but not be the end of the Western Catholic Church. In the middle of V century overpopulation in northern Europe caused a massive migration of Germanic tribes to the south. These tribes began settling on the banks of the Danube River and held diplomatic relations with the Byzantine Empire East [2] , which allowed the passage and access to the imperial territories of central and western Europe in exchange for work the land. But this peace was not lasting as it came a migration of a very belligerent tribe that is believed to come from the steppes of Asia, the Huns. This town was the intention and the desire to be the territories of Rome's legendary, no matter the cost. Therefore had to attack the Germanic tribes that were already established at the borders of the Danube, in order to penetrate to Rome in the Italian peninsula. In this way the Germanic tribes were displaced towards the West, the Franks and Burgundians were established in Gaul [3] , the Swabians, Vandals and Alans in Hispania [4] , Heruli in the peninsula after firing the last Western Roman Emperor, Romulus Augustus and mixed with Anglos and Saxons migrated to the province of Britannia [5] , although some stayed on the shores of the Baltic Sea. As for the Goths there was a special situation because they have negotiated and allied with the imperial authorities, and in exchange for territories in Hispania committed to expel the Swabians, Vandals and Alans of the peninsula. But not all Goths were as diplomats, in fact this term tribe to split in two, which were to Spain were the Visigoths and instead the other invaded the Italian peninsula and took control of Rome, they were called Ostrogoths. It was thanks to the alliance of the Visigoths, the Burgundians, the Franks and the remains of the Roman Empire that managed to defeat the hordes of Huns at the Battle of the Champs Cataláunicos in 451. This is just the main threat of the moment, to make way for a new structural transformation, social and cultural development in the European continent. And no remnants of the Western Empire, now it is fragmented into several kingdoms that arose from the fusion Roman culture with Germans, but where the Germans had become the largest social hierarchies, which had been won by the sword, and instead the Romans passed a background in social strata, to get to become slaves in Middle Ages [6] . Although the administrative structure of government was destroyed in the West, an institution which was continuous with life, Roman Catholic Church, which would be making between those faithful followers of Germanic kingdoms that gradually converted to Christianity, fusing their old beliefs and religions in Catholic Christianity. With the fall of Western Roman Empire is given way to the Roman Germanic kingdoms, which had its own culture and social and political structures, but nevertheless all these kingdoms were interconnected by a single element, Christianity, was why the Catholic Church played a very important throughout Middle Ages, and that she was the intermediary in diplomatic affairs between the various kingdoms, the highest authority in religious matters and therefore the leader of souls who believe in the Christian faith. Thus the Catholic Church made its own territory without a kingdom, the Papal States [7] , and from Rome was in charge to have great political influence in all realms of the West, that's how the members of the clergy acquired a large hierarchy of social strata. As discussed earlier, in ancient societies there were always classes and social hierarchies, but with a different name in each culture, such as royalty, priests, warriors, traders, artisans, farmers, freemen and slaves. Then we have that in the Middle Ages things have not changed at all since the strata in society are very marked and uneven, first at the top of the pyramid is the king and royal family, under royalty the nobility and vassals of the king, who purchased their peerages [8] by ordinance the king. In the same level are the priests or clerics, who also have hierarchical divisions, the head is the pope or pontiff, after the archbishops and bishops, and finally the priests. Below the nobility and higher clergy were the knights [9] and the feudal lords [10] . In the lowest social strata were the servants, who were farmers and craftsmen who had no property, so they were forced to surrender their labor in exchange for housing and food, the servants lived in the strengths of feudal lords, they were in charge of working the land, caring for livestock, part of the feudal militia and other household chores. [1] is thought that Constantine's conversion to Christianity was a political strategy, and he could have been aware of the inevitable expansion of this religion that came from the East, that is why we made the decision to move the capital to the Eastern Empire, since there is concentrated wealth and metalliferous minted currency in the exchange of the Western Empire was in an inevitable decline. [2] The name designates the Byzantine Eastern Roman Empire, which unlike the West did not succumb to the Germanic invasions, but survived and developed throughout the Middle Ages to the invasion of the Ottoman Turks in 1453, which sacked Constantinople and founded a new empire, the Ottoman. [3] What today would be the present-day France, Switzerland and parts of southern Germany. [4] Current Spain. [5] Current Britain and parts of northern France. [6] The Middle Ages is a very long period beginning with the fall of Western Roman Empire in the year 476 and ends with the fall of the Eastern Byzantine Empire at the hands of the Turks in 1453 or 1492 with the discovery of America. This is the history periodization driving, but this does not mean it has been a drastic change of structures, but the arrival of the Middle Ages was a gradual process which was growing since the late Roman Empire and early Byzantine Empire. [7] This land was located in central Italy today in the outskirts of Rome, but its geographic division was changing over time. [8] titles such as prince, count, duke, lord or priest. [9] warriors on horseback who were loyal to the king and devout Christians, and these were characterized by their heroic acts and fine manners. [10] wealthy persons who acquired lands or fiefs by the grace of the king and that within these territories rural castles and fortresses built to protect against external dangers, it was within these strong that many farmers and artisans took shelter in exchange for giving their services to the feudal lord, these are called servants.

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