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SOCIAL CLASSES IN THE MIDDLE AGES. DOMAIN

Arturo Almazán Cantoral


In the first half of the Middle Ages the kings of Germanic origin were the primary authority and more power and political influence in his kingdom, they were in charge of giving titles of nobility to families of good stock and the men who stood out for their actions. But over time these kings were giving land ownership to his subjects, dividing the kingdom into principalities, counties and duchies, thus the feudal lords were making more owned land, most means of production and servants, over time these feudal lords were not dependent on a higher authority other than the Church and that's how the Kings were losing their power and political influence to pass a background as authority . The feudal lords were the owners of wealth, which together accounted for and controlled without reverse-labor in general and now the wars were not just between realms but also between fiefs were given for control over land, forests and swamps. As the feudal lord owns most of the means of production and transportation, it was he who most enriched as rents or fees charged for using roads, mills, horses, houses and other tools.
For the first millennium after Christ all had owned farmland, the population growth continued to rise in the Roman Germanic kingdoms of the west and had a great need for luxurious products at the best price East [1] therefore were the feudal lords and the Catholic Church that led the holy land expansion [2] under the justification of recovering the territories which belonged to its Christian heritage, these calls were Crusades against the infidel Muslims, which developed during the eleventh to thirteenth centuries. In these wars among the neediest came beneficiaries were the Venetian merchants and then the Genoese, and they were responsible for renting their boats to transport troops and supplies, and that at the end of the war were those businessmen who were responsible for direct trade Eastern products.
These businessmen were a social class that had been on the rise across Europe, this was the so-called bourgeoisie, which resided in cities and towns and from there directed the production of manufacturing and labor unions, was a stratum society through business and trade and usury became rich quickly, but not specifically enriched land [3] , precious metals, but the feudal lords to pay these sailors that transported by sea to the Middle East, coupled with the metal coined receiving in exchange for trade goods and predatory abuse. Was in fact the bourgeoisie that changed the structure of Western society as it was she who supported financially impoverished kings of the time to regain its former absolute power, yes, in exchange for up to the noble class. So the bourgeoisie was rising in the social hierarchy, introduced in the king's court and was running slowly with the limitations imposed on him the feudal system to develop full business and trade.
During the fourteenth and fifteenth century the kings regained their absolute power to the detriment of the power of feudal lords, which again were subject to royal power, yet all these noble lords felt the competition of the new bourgeois nobility rose rapidly political positions. As we can see the Middle Ages is characterized by the pursuit of social advancement, the clerics sought holiness through the influence and piety, feudal lords by the accumulation of wealth, nobility in general for the acquisition of additional titles nobility, the knights of the honor and worth, the servants by way of work effort and performance in the war, but in the end was the bourgeoisie that more amount in the social strata, and that thanks to scientific and economic development. In short it may be noted that during the Middle Ages is a constant competition between social classes and yet it is ironic that only royalty was the only authority capable of allowing social mobility, while its power, influence and hierarchy were never questioned, either be seen as divine beings and privileged or too powerful to mess with them [4] .
As can be seen along this historical review, human beings have gone through similar processes over time processes in which there have been rearrangements in structures of society, clashes and racial mixing, supremacy of imperial power, social ills and inequalities, armed uprisings, revolutions, ideological, power absolute monarchies or dynasties, empires decline, emergence of new cultures and new wars over territorial control and the richness that this brings. That is history, a constant restructuring in which human beings developed, constant change is gradual but reaching explode with great energy in a specific fact, the story is a cultural clash of opposites of what emerges a new culture, is the syncretism that has occurred over time, is the enrichment of knowledge, is the change of cultural horizons and especially the course of human actions over time. Now located
what happened from Hispania to New Spain, as Hispania is the name that the Carthaginians or Phoenicians used to designate the Iberian peninsula and later the Romans used to call this province of his empire. For the Romans conquer Spain went great sorrow, it took two centuries to subdue the inhabitants of this peninsula, as this territory if there was a great cultural diversity and a fierce spirit of its inhabitants. It was here that the Celtic tribes mingled with the Iberians to form a new race, the war Celtiberians who settled in the central area of \u200b\u200bHispania, but this was not the only belligerent culture of the peninsula, further north there were indigenous tribes who had inhabited the region since prehistoric times, these tribes were those of Basques, Asturian and Cantabrian, these tribes were the most strongly resisted Roman rule and although they were subject were never completely eliminated. Moreover, the southern peninsula was also inhabited by another warrior people who had migrated from the east, the Carthaginians of Phoenician origin, which came close to defeating the Romans during the Punic Wars [5] .
Hispania was how it was inhabited by indigenous tribes such as the Basques, Asturian, Cantabrian and Celtiberians, as well as foreign nations such as the Carthaginians and Romans. All these cultures coexisted and developed in a concurrent period, however no shortage of armed conflicts, of which the Romans would be victorious eventually after much effort and pain. But these are not the only people that go down the current English, early V century Germanic invasions came to Spain, first crossed the Pyrenees, the Swabians, Vandals and Alans, who were distributed in the Iberian Peninsula, then Visigoths "Germans also-pact with the Romans to expel these tribes in exchange for land in Hispania, was well conceived as the Visigoths and Visigothic kingdom in what is now mid-century English V and lasted until the early eighth century .

[1] West getting the luxury oriental products through intermediaries Byzantines and Arabs, so for the year 1000 aims to create new shipping routes and means of transport to trade directly with the East.
[2] The Holy Land is the geographic territory that includes all sites which were developed in both biblical scenes the Old and New Testament. These territories would now Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Egypt and Greece.
[3] Keep in mind that most of the Middle Ages the main asset was land ownership, but after the Crusades the wealth was based on precious metals and exchange of these, these are studs and the principles of mercantilism.
[4] Indeed XV to XVIII century is the period of absolute monarchies in Europe, when it was thought that kings were divine and could even get to cure ills with just one touch; were times when nobody dared to question decisions and authority of the king. But the revolutions against the royals did not wait for some progressive regions such as England and France, the first was beheaded King Charles I in 1649 for wanting to act without consent of parliament and the second was the French Revolution 1792, these were revolutions that changed the conception of Europeans as the absolute power of kings.
[5] Wars that took place between 246 and 146 BC and where the Carthaginians defeated in major battles in Italy to the extent that they were about to take the city of Rome.

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ME HAS FINALLY COME OUT !!!!!!!

behind For months I have learned this technique some call and some crochet hook and there was no way. But it is my stubbornness and perseverance as whichever you prefer, the fact is that I used the break to try again and this is the result:

My first attempt, well not that he had tried thousands of times : This is my first positive test.

As you can see the Chinese rock gardens, the biggest I found.

And once they had me try it out with rocks of 8 and this is the result.

And as I was on a roll with rocks had to try 11 and not taxes to try like crazy, because as I am I have an Bracelet ,...... and I came out.

I still think I came out first but the truth is this.

I'm thinking of new designs. I liked the technique so sure again.

Happy holidays!

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AWARD from RITA THINGS THE SLOPES passu

few days ago that Recivier but had not found the time to hang. Sent me from The things of Rita: a very beautiful blog I follow with great pleasure: http://fireicewitch.blogspot.com/
comes with three questions:
What inspires you to make your entries? : No idea, I'm doing what I like as I have time and material and hang things according to the end and get them out a photo fairly passable.

Describe yourself in three words: Ja ja ja ja there if it gets hard:
Perseverante (headstrong, stubborn), patient, friend of my friends and home.

Favorite Quote: lately: "I will not allow anyone to nag me day"

And now would have to split it but I am unable to decide (enterder'm on vacation! !) so you have permission to llevaroslo seconds going through here.
Kisses to all and good holiday!

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THE CLASS STRUGGLE is hidden by the government and religion. Arturo Almazán Cantoral. All the third century in Rome was characterized by constant persecution, which highlights the Diocletian in 303 to 313, who ordered to burn churches and sacred books, and Christian pro razing entire cities and forced many Christians to make sacrifices pagans. However, the number of Christians had increased to approximately 7 million on his death Diocletian issued an edict of toleration which was lawful Christian religion with some restrictions; with this, the Emperor recognized his own defeat. Later, the pagan Emperor Constantine, gradually began to believe in Christian doctrine or perhaps did believe that because he realized inability to overcome to Christianity, so in 313 issued the Edict of Milan, which established freedom of worship and religion, and authorizing the refund of the confiscated property to Christians. Before his death in 337 was baptized and transfer the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium, which would be called Constantinople in his honor [1] . The following emperors except Julian would be Christian, and Theodosius, who ruled from 378 to 395 would be made Christianity the only legal and official religion of the Empire. So Christianity would have an occasional victory, as the Roman authorities only mask or change their appearance, moving their old religious institutions of Christianity, so did the Catholic Church in Rome and the Orthodox in Constantinople, the ancient Roman priests became the religious authorities and intermediaries of God, leaving the Christian populace into oblivion. In fact the values \u200b\u200bthat Christ had spread were also distorted and forgotten, values \u200b\u200bsuch as love of neighbor, decent and honest, solidarity, humility, respect and the pursuit of peace, but instead reproduced defects decadent Roman Empire and the Church, such as inequality, injustice, individualism, violence and authoritarianism. In terms of class inequality, this is noted in the extravagance of life from the bishops and priests, and the magnificence of the churches, this contrasted with the poverty that engulfed the rest of society not descended from a noble lineage. This was an irony, Christianity had become the basis of Catholicism, an institution rather than a religion, but an institution that went against the principles that Christ had established, especially against the humility and poverty, as upper echelons of the clergy were the least represented. In the V century the Old Roman Empire had been broken into two parts, an eastern and a western, but now the two churches (the Roman and Orthodox) that were discussed were the hegemony and not only territorial, but spiritual, it was like a race to acquire as many followers to be recognized as the most authoritative official churches divine and the other bishops. The Catholic Church never recognized the authority of the Orthodox Church and vice versa, in fact over time there was some friction between them, which caused an irreconcilable conflict. But would the Western Empire which succumb to invasions of Germanic tribes, but not be the end of the Western Catholic Church. In the middle of V century overpopulation in northern Europe caused a massive migration of Germanic tribes to the south. These tribes began settling on the banks of the Danube River and held diplomatic relations with the Byzantine Empire East [2] , which allowed the passage and access to the imperial territories of central and western Europe in exchange for work the land. But this peace was not lasting as it came a migration of a very belligerent tribe that is believed to come from the steppes of Asia, the Huns. This town was the intention and the desire to be the territories of Rome's legendary, no matter the cost. Therefore had to attack the Germanic tribes that were already established at the borders of the Danube, in order to penetrate to Rome in the Italian peninsula. In this way the Germanic tribes were displaced towards the West, the Franks and Burgundians were established in Gaul [3] , the Swabians, Vandals and Alans in Hispania [4] , Heruli in the peninsula after firing the last Western Roman Emperor, Romulus Augustus and mixed with Anglos and Saxons migrated to the province of Britannia [5] , although some stayed on the shores of the Baltic Sea. As for the Goths there was a special situation because they have negotiated and allied with the imperial authorities, and in exchange for territories in Hispania committed to expel the Swabians, Vandals and Alans of the peninsula. But not all Goths were as diplomats, in fact this term tribe to split in two, which were to Spain were the Visigoths and instead the other invaded the Italian peninsula and took control of Rome, they were called Ostrogoths. It was thanks to the alliance of the Visigoths, the Burgundians, the Franks and the remains of the Roman Empire that managed to defeat the hordes of Huns at the Battle of the Champs Cataláunicos in 451. This is just the main threat of the moment, to make way for a new structural transformation, social and cultural development in the European continent. And no remnants of the Western Empire, now it is fragmented into several kingdoms that arose from the fusion Roman culture with Germans, but where the Germans had become the largest social hierarchies, which had been won by the sword, and instead the Romans passed a background in social strata, to get to become slaves in Middle Ages [6] . Although the administrative structure of government was destroyed in the West, an institution which was continuous with life, Roman Catholic Church, which would be making between those faithful followers of Germanic kingdoms that gradually converted to Christianity, fusing their old beliefs and religions in Catholic Christianity. With the fall of Western Roman Empire is given way to the Roman Germanic kingdoms, which had its own culture and social and political structures, but nevertheless all these kingdoms were interconnected by a single element, Christianity, was why the Catholic Church played a very important throughout Middle Ages, and that she was the intermediary in diplomatic affairs between the various kingdoms, the highest authority in religious matters and therefore the leader of souls who believe in the Christian faith. Thus the Catholic Church made its own territory without a kingdom, the Papal States [7] , and from Rome was in charge to have great political influence in all realms of the West, that's how the members of the clergy acquired a large hierarchy of social strata. As discussed earlier, in ancient societies there were always classes and social hierarchies, but with a different name in each culture, such as royalty, priests, warriors, traders, artisans, farmers, freemen and slaves. Then we have that in the Middle Ages things have not changed at all since the strata in society are very marked and uneven, first at the top of the pyramid is the king and royal family, under royalty the nobility and vassals of the king, who purchased their peerages [8] by ordinance the king. In the same level are the priests or clerics, who also have hierarchical divisions, the head is the pope or pontiff, after the archbishops and bishops, and finally the priests. Below the nobility and higher clergy were the knights [9] and the feudal lords [10] . In the lowest social strata were the servants, who were farmers and craftsmen who had no property, so they were forced to surrender their labor in exchange for housing and food, the servants lived in the strengths of feudal lords, they were in charge of working the land, caring for livestock, part of the feudal militia and other household chores. [1] is thought that Constantine's conversion to Christianity was a political strategy, and he could have been aware of the inevitable expansion of this religion that came from the East, that is why we made the decision to move the capital to the Eastern Empire, since there is concentrated wealth and metalliferous minted currency in the exchange of the Western Empire was in an inevitable decline. [2] The name designates the Byzantine Eastern Roman Empire, which unlike the West did not succumb to the Germanic invasions, but survived and developed throughout the Middle Ages to the invasion of the Ottoman Turks in 1453, which sacked Constantinople and founded a new empire, the Ottoman. [3] What today would be the present-day France, Switzerland and parts of southern Germany. [4] Current Spain. [5] Current Britain and parts of northern France. [6] The Middle Ages is a very long period beginning with the fall of Western Roman Empire in the year 476 and ends with the fall of the Eastern Byzantine Empire at the hands of the Turks in 1453 or 1492 with the discovery of America. This is the history periodization driving, but this does not mean it has been a drastic change of structures, but the arrival of the Middle Ages was a gradual process which was growing since the late Roman Empire and early Byzantine Empire. [7] This land was located in central Italy today in the outskirts of Rome, but its geographic division was changing over time. [8] titles such as prince, count, duke, lord or priest. [9] warriors on horseback who were loyal to the king and devout Christians, and these were characterized by their heroic acts and fine manners. [10] wealthy persons who acquired lands or fiefs by the grace of the king and that within these territories rural castles and fortresses built to protect against external dangers, it was within these strong that many farmers and artisans took shelter in exchange for giving their services to the feudal lord, these are called servants.

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I loved the earrings with who won the contest Passu Tuatubola Forum, and thanks to your help I was able to copy: Susan thank you very much.

These already have owned, but will come more secure!

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NOT MY FIRST CROCHET

As there is no way to crochet (and I will leave, now) I've changed my technique, tubular brick stich. Got the scheme http://abalorium2punto0.blogspot.com/ a great site that either already know or can not miss.
This is the first but they will get many more, secure.
Sorry about the quality of the photos but there was no way through them.

Maria Isasi I send it from your blog, thank you very much beautiful!! Http://eltallerdemariaisasi.blogspot.com/

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cabochon

is the first time backing a cabochon and I like how it looks.

The cabochon is made of Fimo blue, silver and gold and is lined with black and gold seed beads: 10 Euros

This

Pendant is made only in Fimo: 7 Euros

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Lyra sends me this gift: It has given me a joy: it is a pleasure receives a gift from someone like her and more one like this . Is supposed to be changed but still I have no idea how to do it so that stays like this that it is precious.

Edit: I get this one from the blog of MariaIsasi: http://eltallerdemariaisasi.blogspot.com/ : thanks beautiful
As comes from some friends wants to watch footie with a few friends, to these I'm doing recently in this world: thanks for providing so many things!
Jopiti: http://elrincondejopiti.blogspot.com/
Cinderella: that when you open your new blog the first prize
Maribell: http://maribel-creaciones.blogspot.com/
             Lucy:  http://lucibisuteria.blogspot.com/
             Clara: http://clarae-mispequeasaficiones.blogspot.com/
             Crisalva: http://sandraycristobal.blogspot.com/
             Ana Maria: del foro tuatubola: se que no tiene blog pero hace cada dia el dia mas bonito asi que le pega.

Me dejo a mucha gente genial en el tintero, a unas porque ya se que lo han recivido y a otras....porque no me acuerdo ahora mismo, ya sabeis, mi despiste es monumental.
De todas formas gracias a todas!!!

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MINI LYRA Regality Sikh CEDRA

are a job out and you are with his mistress. I hope you have enjoyed as much as me.
The Sikhara is TIGHT mini because it is more than usual: it takes only two rows.
The price of the necklace is 20 Euros and the bracelet 15